Unraveling the Mystery of Capitalizing French Titles

Unraveling the Mystery of Capitalizing French Titles First of all, you wouldnt put lumià ¨re (light) in all caps, as we did in the subhead above, just to make a point. There are, indeed, rules to follow, and you shouldnt capitalize French titles willy-nilly. English speakers should understand that the capitalization of titles and names in French and English exhibit several differences, all of which involve words that are capitalized in English but not in French. This means there is, by and large, less capitalization in French than there is in English.   In English, the first word of a proper title and all subsequent words, except short articles, conjunctions and prepositions, are capitalized. The rules are more complicated in French, and the table below examines three schools of thought regarding French capitalization of titles and names*.   Standard Capitalization In French, capitalization depends on the position and the grammatical function of the words in the title. The first word is always capitalized. If the first word is an article or other  determiner, the first noun and any adjectives that precede it are capitalized, like this: Trois Contes Un Cur simple Le Petit Robert Le Nouveau Petit Robert Le Bon Usage Le Progrs de la civilisation au XXe sicle If the title consists of two words or phrases of equal value, they are considered co-titles and each one is capitalized according to the above rules, as in: Guerre et Paix Julie ou La Nouvelle Hà ©loà ¯se This system  is used in Le Petit Robert, Le Quid, and throughout the Dictionnaire de citations franà §aises. Le Bon Usage, considered the bible of French grammar,  briefly discusses an inconsistency in the capitalization of titles. It does not mention the system above, but it does list the systems in 2. and 3. below. Important-Noun  Capitalization In this system, the first word and any important nouns are capitalized, like this: Trois Contes Un Cur simple Le petit Robert Le nouveau petit Robert Le bon Usage Le Progrs de la Civilisation au XXe sicle Le Bon Usage  states that system 2. is more common than 3. and uses it in its own bibliography. Sentence Capitalization In this system, only the first word of the title is capitalized (except proper nouns, which are always capitalized). Trois contes Un cur simple Le petit Robert Le nouveau petit Robert Le bon usage Le progrs de la civilisation au XXe sicle A number of websites use this system, crediting it either to the MLA Handbook  or to normes ISO  (norms of the International Organization for Standardization).  It is difficult to find any official online documentation for either of these sources. If you look at the spines of a few dozen French books, you will see capitalization is split about 50-50 between Important Noun Capitalization and Sentence Capitalization.   In the end, what will probably work best is to  decide which system works best for you, and stick with it consistently.   Proper nouns, as we mentioned above, are not affected by these capitalization systems; they always follow their own rules of capitalization. *Capitalization of Surnames French surnames (family names)  are often capitalized in their entirety, especially in bibliographies and administrative documents, like this: Gustave FLAUBERT Camara LAYE Jean de LA FONTAINE Antoine de SAINT-EXUPÉRY

Inertia and the Laws of Motion

Inertia and the Laws of Motion Inertia is the name for the tendency of an object in motion to remain in motion, or an object at rest to remain at rest  unless acted upon by a force. This concept was quantified in Newtons First Law of Motion. The word inertia came from the Latin word iners, which means idle or lazy and was first used by Johannes Kepler. Inertia and Mass Inertia is a quality of all objects made of matter that possess mass. They keep doing what they are doing until a force changes their speed or direction. A ball sitting still on a table wont start rolling around unless something pushes on it, be it your hand, a gust of air, or vibrations from the surface of the table. If you tossed a ball in the frictionless vacuum of space, it would travel on at the same speed and direction forever unless acted on by gravity or another force such as a collision. Volker Mà ¶hrke / Getty Images Mass is a measure of inertia. Objects of higher mass resist changes in motion more than objects of lower mass. A more massive ball, such as one made of lead, will take more of a push to start it rolling. A styrofoam ball of the same size but low mass may be set in motion by a puff of air. Theories of Motion From Aristotle to Galileo In everyday life, we see rolling balls come to rest. But they do so because they are acted on by force of gravity and from the effects of friction and air resistance. Because that is what we observe, for many centuries Western thought followed the theory of Aristotle, who said that moving objects would eventually come to rest and needed continued force to keep them in motion. In the seventeenth century, Galileo experimented with rolling balls on inclined planes. He discovered that as friction was reduced, balls rolled down an inclined plane attained almost the same height rolling back up an opposing plane. He reasoned that if there were no friction, they would roll down an incline and then keep rolling on a horizontal surface forever. It wasnt something innate in the ball that caused it to stop rolling; it was contact with the surface. Newtons First Law of Motion and Inertia Isaac Newton developed the principles shown in Galileos observations into his first law of motion. It takes a force to stop the ball from continuing to roll once it is set in motion. It takes a force to change its speed and direction. It doesnt need a force to continue moving at the same speed in the same direction. The first law of motion is often referred to as the law of inertia. This law applies to an inertial reference frame. Corollary 5 of Newtons Principia says: The motions of bodies included in a given space are the same among themselves, whether that space is at rest or moves uniformly forwards in a straight line without circular motion. In this way, if you drop a ball on a moving train that is not accelerating, you will see the ball fall straight downward, as you would on a train that was not moving.

Google Project Glass Jelly Bean Google Self Driving Car Nexus Case Study

Google Project Glass Jelly Bean Google Self Driving Car Nexus - Case Study Example By recognizing the repeated actions of web users, Google now has the ability to preempt the desires of smartphone users and deliver results for different tasks. However, the adoption of this application has been associated with a number of impacts on the society, both positive and negative. Due to the tough and busy schedule of business owners and managers, the development of Google now has been received as an opportunity to comfortably run their affairs without pressure. With Google Play, the schedules of an individual can be simulated and reminders provided promptly based on the culture of the user. For example, an individual who plans for a meeting at mountain view will be informed of the same 45 minutes before the time and the factors that may delay prompt arrival such as traffic is factored (Weiss, 2013). Soccer or basketball fans that spend most of their time searching for international results have benefited from the customized features of Google now. Once every match is played and the results out, Google now sends the updated results to the users without prompts from them. This has enabled different organizations to save massive time wasted by their employees online. With prompt notification, the users can continue with other activities knowing that the results will be posted in time thus saving the time. As compared to Siri, a product that was developed and sold to Apple's iOS application, Google now is instantaneous and this makes it more economically reliable. Within a few seconds, Google now will post the results of the self-prompted search and deliver to the users (Weiss, 2014). Despite the benefits of the application, Google now has also impacted negatively on the society and businesses. With this new initiative, the number of people who will be able to share one means of transport will increase and this will positively impact on the environment. Though the technical limits of this new invention by Google has not been identified, its adoption and use in public vehicles will face significant resistance from workers unions and labor organization. As Americans continue to rely on self-driven vehicles, taxi and public transport employees will lose their jobs and this will affect its acceptability to the general public. This has the potential of causing a financial crisis as resistance and protests from labor organizations will affect other sectors of the economy (Brown, 2011).

Gender focus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender focus - Essay Example The society has induced different expectation and opportunities to men. Women are less happy today than they were in 1970s and the ‘change brought about through the women’s’ movement may have decreased women’s happiness’ (Stevenson and Wolfers, 2007). In the article ‘Between the Sexes’ Ama Quindlen tried to advocate that women should be welcomed into a variety of positions and roles that presumably reserved for men. She held that the divide created by men is not because of big differences but because very small and minor differences. Men are required to take some specific roles different from those that the women take. In our society today men are left with little choice on how to spend their lives. Men are expected to stick to their careers for the sake of the family. Society justifies that women on the other hand can drop out of the labor market to be house makers or in other terms housewives. On the same note women can decide to stay at home and rely on the glory of their husbands but men don’t have such opportunity, the criticism they will receive from the society will be outrageous. Men have also acquired great opportunities in the work place demoralizing women. Disciplines such as engineering and science have been male dominated. Women can also do and perform a better on these arenas, but because of the discriminating set the have less opportunities. The divisions between the sexes start in early ages of the children. In the article’ between the sexes ‘categorization starts as â€Å"him and her† and so on. There is still a â€Å"glass ceiling† between men and women. Young boys and girls can’t dance easily on each other’s arms without any development of feeling uneasy. Women still struggle as artists as depicted by ‘Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions’ by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Today in the music and movie industry women who are depicted as nu de are regarded as more attractive by the marketers. But men won’t appear nude in music videos or movies. Articles written by men are most in any form of literature. It is not that women are less artistic than men but because of the discrimination that exist between the sexes. The way men look at women is also discriminating they view women as sex objects. Most pornographic material is viewed by men. Society by these acts of representing suggestive photos of nude women depicts that women are there to sexually satisfy men. The freedom of expression in women is so limited as compared to men. Taking a look at the family setup the husband is expected to have the last say whether he is wrong or not. Women who are now engaging in writing, weather in artistic or academic are concentrating so much on the issue of feminism. This can be attributed to the fact that they are trying to express themselves in as other avenues are not justly open for them. Good governance is good governance irrespective of the gender, men have more chance in matters pertaining governance as compared to women. The opportunities of leadership in men are evident from matters of corporate scenario to state leadership. Anybody can attest that most presidents in the state are men. It is to the least expectation of the society that women that women can be good leaders. The prevailing of outdated stereotype about the different opportunities and roles about male and women can be attributed to this phenomenon. Men are expected to rise in terms of hierarchy, to gain status. Women don’t need to rise to gain status the glory of their husband is enough. A first lady is the wife to the president of a state but ‘first gentleman’ is non-existence. This fact makes men to fight for leadership and governance position. Though the issue of femi

Gangs and Violence in Schools :: Crime Safety Security Education Essays

Gangs and Violence in Schools During the first week of my junior professional experience, I remember my cooperating teacher reading to me an e-mail that she received from the school's administration. It was informing all of the teachers of new ways to identify gang member; the colors they may wear, they way they write certain letters of the alphabet. A few days later I recall seeing one of the students in my class making different hand gestures, which I later learned were gang signs. Then, a couple of weeks into my full participation in the classroom, another one of my students was suspended for breaking another student's jaw. Yet another of my students was suspended rather recently for threatening to bring a gun to school. All of these incidents, along with an assembly that was held one day about gang violence, have made me much more aware of the violence and gang participation that takes place in urban schools. Because it seemed so prevalent in the Trenton school district, I decided to delve deeper into the issue of gangs and violence in schools. I have learned that in Trenton there are "three main gangs - the Bloods, the Crips and the Latin Kings," (NJ.com) some of which have been known to have members as young as thirteen. This alarmed me, because this is the age of most of my seventh grade students. It was hard for me to picture any of them being in a gang. I, like many suburban dwellers, have never had contact with gang members, not to my knowledge anyway. Now I am working in a school full of students who encounter gang members everyday, and may even be a part of a gang themselves. When I became aware of the regular occurrence of gangs in the Trenton area, I began to wonder why adolescents, usually males, join gangs in the first place. Though there are many explanations and, of course, each young male has his own reason, many of them [the reasons] revolve around the issues of safety, respect, money, and a sense of identity†¦Many of them [the gang members] learned at an early age that they were vulnerable if they did not belong to a gang that would protect them when they were threatened by other gang members (Patton 59).

Antigone society

In, being self-centered about Ideas frequently affects peoples' judgement Sophocles raises this Issue in his play Antigone. He believes that listening to the wise benefits your judgement, but the result of refusing to listen leads to tragic outcomes. Sophocles uses Ate to develop the characters' Inability to take In others' perspectlve_ Sophocles first addresses the tragic results of not listening through Anugone's refusal to take advice. In Sophocles's prologue, Ismene states â€Å"[Shel has no strength† for burying Polynlces against the states' jurisdiction, while Antigone pronounces thatIsmene â€Å"use[s] that excuse† to avoid trouble (Sophocles 76-83}. Even though Ismene says she doesnt have the strength to go against the state, she really means that she doesnt have the willpower to choose between the Gods' and Creon's law because defying either law will result In punishment. Even though Ismene Is belng cautious ot her choices, Antigone believes Ismene is toolish t or not siding with her. Antigone chose to believe herselt without thinking about Ismene's point ot view. In result, Antigone ends up putting herselt between both the laws ot the lands and the God's law, which results in her entombment.In addition to Antigone putting off her sisters' point of view, Sophocles uses Antigones inability to take others perspective into consideration. During CreonS and Antigone's argument. Creon expresses his opinion of Polynices betrayal of the city by saying. â€Å"The good dont want to share honors with the bad† (Sophocles 534-6). Antigone retaliates by mentioning, Mho knows that is considered righteous below . . I cannot share their hate, only their love† (Sophocles 536-8). Creon's belief that Polynices shouldnt be honored in burial conflict with Antigones', in which Polynices deserves burial to honor the Gods' laviAntigone doesn't realize Creon's point of view, standing up for the city, and goes with her own belief without taking Creons' into account. Despite standing up for herself, Antigone's failure to acknowledge Creon's perspective causes her demise Even after being locked away behind a boulder, Sophocles proves Antigone's disastrous consequences when Antigone, â€Å"[hangs herself] by the neck, fastened by a noose of fine linen† (Sophocles 1226-7)_ Antigone, trapped In a cave due her actions, hung herself so she wouldn't die at the hand of Creon. Anugone's refusal to listen to others'Ideas, such as creons, lead her to trouble and death, supporung Sophocles's maln point that tragic consequences come from refusing to listen. Antigone's refusal to take advice results In her unfortunate demise. In addltlon to Antigone's downfall due to blind recklessness, Sophocles uses Creon to display how tragic consequences develop trom not listening. During the first scene ot Antigone, the Guard explains to Creon that he â€Å"[wlshesl to tell [Creon his time, Creon's reaction is that, â€Å"[The Guard] is trying to t alk around the problem. † (Sophocles 245).The guard is cautious of explaining the bad news, trying to void blame, while Creon assumes the guard is guilty due to him talking around the problem. Creon's lack of the guard's point of view causes him to blame the innocent, which later causes Haemon commit suicide because Creon punishes his love. Even though Sophocles uses Creon's actions to show tragic outcomes, he also uses Creon's frustration to demonstrate his inability to look at other peoples' perspective. During a dialogue between Creon and the Guard, the guards asks, â€Å"May I say something, or should I Just turn and go? (Sophocles 325) Creon, agitated due to the breaking of his aw, exclaims, miou have annoyed me Just by saying that† (Sophocles 326). Creon's frustration towards someone breaking his law resulted in him not fully understanding that the guard didn't want to bother the king while he was mad.. The guard was nervous to explain his point of view to Creon d ue to his recklessness after Antigone defied his law. In result to the guards inability to explain his perspective, Creon becomes even more agitated and promises to kill him if he doesn't find out who touched the body.Sophocles ends his play by showing the reader Creon's destroyed life after not taking advice through others' perspective. Creon's son guided the sword, leaned on it and thrust it into his ribs.. † while Haemon â€Å". Creon's wife † struck herself in the heart with her own hand. † (Sophocles 1240-1; 1321) Creon's wife and son both killed themselves due to his refusal to listen to others advice. If Creon had only listen to others and used their perspective as well, his family wouldn't have taken their own lives. Creon's self centered ways of not taking advice destroyed his family.Even though Creon is used to show that consequences develop through not taking advice, Sophocles also uses Creon's and Haemon's stubbornness to demonstrate the tragic result of not listening. Sophocles provides an argument between Creon and Haemon in which Haemon retaliates to Creon's saying, â€Å"At our age, taught reason by a man so young† by declaring â€Å"Taught nothing that is not Just! If I am young, I do not need more time to study what's right† (Sophocles 738-40). Creon believes that Haemon is too young to be credible and taken seriously because of his age.Haemon however, considers himself credible due to the fact that Creon is making horrible decisions . Creon, not yet knowing that his decisions are tragic, and Haemon, not knowing that his dad doesnt see what's going on, end up fighting. Because Haemon's nd Creon's stubbornness get in the way of them seeing each others point of view, Haemon runs away and ends up committing suicide. After discussing credibility and getting nowhere, the father and son discuss the distinction between what the â€Å"fellow- citizens deny' and â€Å"[how the city shouldn't] tell [Creon] how [he] ou ght to rule it† (Sophocles 745-6).Haemon brings up the issue of the citizens siding with Antigone to bury Polynices body. They believe Polynices should obtain a proper burial no matter what even if he betrayed the city or not. Creon argues that the citizens of Thebes shouldn't be telling the king how to rule the city. Creon believes that the king should uphold all the power and not give the citizens a choice. Creon and Haemon argue for two different sides of the law neither, which adds even more tension and perspective. After all of this arguing between Haemon and his father, Haemon â€Å". thrusts a sword] into his ribs† and Creon loses everyone who he cared about (Sophocles 1241). Haemon killed himself due to the lack of support he was shown by his father. Creon's inability to listen to Haemon's point of view cause his own son to kill himself. By not listening to each other, both Haemon and Creon suffer from onsequences with one of them dying and the other one having to go through life without anyone who cares for him. Creon and Haemon suffered because they both lacked the capability to express other ideas than their own.As a different way to express his theme, Sophocles uses Ismene's and Antigone's discussion to prove not taking helpful advice can ruin a relationship. After learning Antigone was caught, Ismene admits, â€Å"l did the deed if she consents, and I will take and bear the charge† (Sophocles 552-3). Antigone answered with, â€Å"But Justice will not allow this to you, since neither did you want nor did I share it. (Sophocles 554-5). Ismene, caring for her only family member left, tries to save her sister from death with the cost of hers.But Antigone doesn't allow Ismene to do this and convinces Creon that she definitely broke the burial law. This causes Antigone to be doomed by the law of the land, resulting in her death. After having her sister announced guilty, Ismene asks, â€Å"But now-what can I do to help you now' (Sop hocles 568). Antigone replies by telling her, â€Å"Save yourself. I do not grudge you your escape† (Sophocles 569). Ismene gives her last efforts to comfort Antigone through her time of need, but Antigone rejects Ismene's offer and declares she wants nothing.Antigone didn't listen to her sister, overcome with pride for burying the body, and Just gave up her only way to live. By letting her pride take place of her mind, Antigone gives up her life because she didn't listen to Ismene's offer. Due to Antigone's actions, she â€Å"[hangs herself by a noose]† and Ismene disappeared, never being mentioned again (Sophocles 1227). Ismene, not wanted by her sister in anyway, disappears from the play to never be spoken of again. Antigone however, suffers from not letting her sister take the blame and finally commits suicide to end the pain.Antigone would not be dead if she let her sister take the blame, but due to her inability to listen to good advice, she ends up dying. In the end, both Ismene and Antigone suffer due to Antigone's rejection of advice. Sophocles demonstrated listening to others' advice and the consequences of not throughout the play. From being stubborn and not taking beneficial advice to not opening your mind to another persons' point of view. Sophocles wrote Antigone with many lessons for our current society. His most important lesson being that listening to good counsel benefits you now but also in the future.

Analysis Of Rankine s Profile Of Serena Williams

Rankine’s profile of Serena Williams describes her as someone that breaks away from the feminine stereotype that Devor has described. Rankine s has described Williams as what she is; an athlete. Williams s athleticism challenges gender roles, as woman are stereotypically viewed as passive and submissive. Any successful female athlete must break away from this preordained notion of femininity as it contradicts the very nature of a successful athlete, which is to be dominant, aggressive, and assertive. Thus Williams challenges and defies the very nature of gender roles by being a successful female athlete, rather than being a passive 1960s house mom. Serena Williams, as a female athlete, challenges the gender roles set by Devor, as she is an aggressive and assertive player. This contradicts with Devor s statement on femininity which says, Femininity, according to this traditional formulation, would result in warm and continued relationships with men, a sense of maternity, inter est in caring for children, and the capacity to work productively and continuously in female occupations. This recipe translates into a vast number of proscriptions and prescriptions. Warm and continued relations with men and an interest in maternity require that females be heterosexually oriented. A heterosexual orientation requires women to dress, move, speak, and act in ways that men will find attractive. As patriarchy has reserved active expressions of power as a masculine attribute,